{"id":6906,"date":"2020-09-30T16:03:09","date_gmt":"2020-09-30T16:03:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cheesecakelabs.com\/blog\/?p=6906\/"},"modified":"2022-09-21T18:11:13","modified_gmt":"2022-09-21T18:11:13","slug":"behavior-driven-development-tests-pokedex-bdd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cheesecakelabs.com\/blog\/behavior-driven-development-tests-pokedex-bdd\/","title":{"rendered":"Behavior-driven Development: how to develop tests for a Pok\u00e9dex using BDD"},"content":{"rendered":"

In this tutorial, I am going to show you how to start using BDD and will use a Pok\u00e9mon Pok\u00e9dex search feature as an example.<\/span><\/p>\n

BDD means Behavior-driven Development<\/a> and it’s a refinement of existing TDD processes<\/a>. <\/span>It considers the feature behavior ahead of the development and the test processes. A system can have many behaviors, which are basically how a feature operates input, process and output.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

One of the biggest problems in the software development process is that the different parts are not speaking the same language. Generally the Product Owner describes the feature in one way, the developer develops it in another way and the tester tests it in a brand new way \u2013 and in some cases, documentation and tests are skipped because of a deadline. These are common situations and in the end, the real feature and value are not delivered to the end user.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(End user not receiving the feature)<\/span><\/p>\n

BDD brings a solution so that all parts speak the same language: the features files. To write them we use <\/span>Gherkin<\/span><\/a>, a business specification language. These files are responsible for handling the application behaviors. Separate behaviors make it easy to develop and test \u2013 and in the end, an application is composed of many behaviors working together. But the main benefits are collaboration and automation.<\/span><\/p>\n

All stakeholders can easily understand the feature file because it is written in natural language and it just needs to follow some rules. Here is an example of a feature file:<\/span><\/p>\n

\nFeature: pok\u00e9dex search\n  As a Pokemon trainer,\n  I want to search for pokemons in my pok\u00e9dex,\n  So I can learn more about them.\n\n  Scenario: Name pok\u00e9dex search\n    Given the pok\u00e9dex page\n    When the user searches for \"Pikachu\"\n    Then the \"Pikachu\" information is shown\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
Let’s take a look at what each keyword means in this:<\/p>\n
Feature<\/b> is a high level description of the feature itself. It could have a description and it generally is a user story\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
Scenario<\/b> is the concrete example of a business rule. It is composed by Given, When and Then and a feature could have many scenarios<\/span>
\n<\/span>Given<\/b> is the step used to show the initial state of behavior<\/span><\/p>\n
When<\/b> is the step used to describe a behavior action or event<\/span><\/p>\n
Then<\/b> is the step used to describe the behavior outcome<\/span><\/p>\n
These keywords were not used in the example, but they are also valid Gherkin syntax:<\/span><\/p>\n
And\/But <\/b>when you have more than one Given, When or Then you could replace it with an <\/span>And<\/span><\/i> or <\/span>But.<\/span><\/i> Something like <\/span>Given<\/span><\/i> a=1 <\/span>And<\/span><\/i> b=2 <\/span>When<\/span><\/i> a + b <\/span>Then<\/span><\/i> the output is 2. Remember to use this carefully<\/span><\/p>\n
Background <\/b>is the step that we can use to run before a scenario, to avoid repeating it over and over.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
Scenario Outline <\/b>is the way you can use variables inside a scenario, so you can parametrize without repeating yourself.<\/span><\/p>\n
There are still more Gherkin keywords and you can check them all here<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n
This is the first phase of BDD, we wrote the feature specifications. Now we need to automate it.<\/span><\/p>\n
Python<\/a> has many BDD frameworks, the most famous are <\/span>behave<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>pytest-bdd<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>lettuce<\/span><\/a> and <\/span>radish<\/span><\/a>. You can choose any of these to automate your feature files.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
In this tutorial we will use pytest-bdd because it brings all the pytest best stuff, like fixture and tags, and we can run unit and functional tests with just one command. If you are familiar with pytest, we highly recommend you to check it out \ud83d\ude42\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
Let’s set up the project! We need to create a test directory with a feature\/ and a setp_definition\/ directores inside it.<\/span><\/p>\n
We will need a pokedex.feature file inside the features directory and a __init__.py, conftest.py and test_pokedex_steps.py inside steps_definitions directory. After creating all files you should have this structure:<\/span><\/p>\n
\npokedex-pytest-bdd\n\u2514\u2500\u2500 tests\n    \u251c\u2500\u2500 features\n    \u2502   \u2514\u2500\u2500 pokedex.feature\n    \u2514\u2500\u2500 step_definitions\n        \u251c\u2500\u2500 __init__.py\n        \u251c\u2500\u2500 conftest.py\n        \u2514\u2500\u2500 test_pokedex_steps.py\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
You can use this dir structure in a project or a Django<\/a> app context. <\/span><\/p>\n
If you want, you can have a bdd dir inside your test dir to make it more decoupled. Our recommendation is to let the feature and step_definition folders in the same depth, to make it easier to find things while debugging.<\/span><\/p>\n
Inside the pokedex-pytest-dbb folder, we can create a virtualenv and install pytest and selenium:<\/p>\n
\npython -m venv venv \nsource venv\/bin\/activate\npip install pytest pytest-bdd requests selenium\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
For selenium to work properly, you will need to download and add the geckodriver to your path. You can find it here<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n
We’re going to create our features file and use some Gherkin tags that we have learned \ud83d\ude42\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
\nFeature: pok\u00e9dex search\n  As a Pokemon trainer,\n  I want to search for pokemons in my pok\u00e9dex,\n  So I can learn more about them.\n\n  Background:\n    Given the pok\u00e9dex page\n\n  Scenario Outline: Name pok\u00e9dex search\n    When the user searches for \"<text>\"\n    Then the \"<pokemon>\" information is shown\n\n    Examples: Pokemons\n      | text       | pokemon    |\n      | Pikachu    | Pikachu    |\n      | Charmander | Charmander |\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
And now that we have our feature, we can automate it!<\/span><\/p>\n
First, create a fixture inside conftest.py. It will be used to handle our selenium webdriver and will be available to all tests. We just need to pass the browser as an argument to the test function \u2013 pytest cool stuff.<\/span><\/p>\n
conftest.py<\/span><\/p>\n
\nimport pytest\n\nfrom selenium import webdriver\n\n\n@pytest.fixture\ndef browser():\n    browser = webdriver.Firefox()\n    browser.implicitly_wait(10)\n    yield browser\n    browser.quit()\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
Pytest does not allow us to run the feature file directly. So, in order to be able to find the correct scenario, we need to specify it at the beginning, with the scenarios function.<\/span><\/p>\n
\nscenarios('..\/features\/pokedex.feature')\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
Now we need to create for each Given, When and Then a function that will handle the steps to reproduce it.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
In pytest-bdd, we do it by decorating the function with @given(), @when(), @then() and passing the text as an argument.<\/span><\/p>\n
We are using selenium to simulate the user interaction with the page and pytest to assert the results. The assert will be always in that function, and the complete file should look like this :<\/span><\/p>\n
test_pokedex_steps.py<\/span><\/p>\n
\nfrom pytest_bdd import scenarios, given, when, then\nfrom selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys\n\n\nscenarios('..\/features\/pokedex.feature')\n\n\n@given('the pokedex page')\ndef pokedex_page(browser):\n    browser.get('https:\/\/pokedex.org\/')\n\n\n@when('the user searches for \"<text>\"')\ndef search_pokemon_name(browser, text):\n    search_input = browser.find_element_by_id('monsters-search-bar')\n    search_input.send_keys(text, Keys.ENTER)\n\n\n@then('the \"<pokemon>\" informations are shown')\ndef results_have_one(browser, pokemon):\n    results = browser.find_elements_by_id('monsters-list')\n\n    assert len(results) > 0\n    assert pokemon in results[0].text\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
To run it, you need to type “pytest” inside your terminal with the virtual environment activated. We are using the -v tag (verbose), so pytest shows us a more descriptive message.<\/span><\/p>\n
\npytest -v\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
And the result should be:<\/span><\/p>\n
\n(venv) \u279c  pokedex-pytest-bdd pytest -v\n================================= test session starts ====================================\nplatform linux -- Python 3.8.2, pytest-5.4.3, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1 -- \/pokedex-pytest-bdd\/venv\/bin\/python\ncachedir: .pytest_cache\nrootdir: \/pokedex-pytest-bdd\nplugins: bdd-3.4.0\ncollected 2 items                                                                                                                                             \n...\/test_pokedex_steps.py::test_name_pok\u00e9dex_search[Pikachu-Pikachu] PASSED         [ 50%]\n...\/test_pokedex_steps.py::test_name_pok\u00e9dex_search[Charmander-Charmander] PASSED   [100%]\n\n==================================== 2 passed in 26.42s ==================================\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
And all passed, we did it!<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
You can pass a @given as a param to @when or @then functions, because it is a fixture. And you can have more than one decorator to a function. This way you can write more descriptive scenarios and reuse the same functions. You just need to decorate the function with all the steps necessary. Something like:<\/span><\/p>\n
\n@when('something')\n@when('something in other words')\ndef function()\n...\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
You can write BDD to unit and API tests, but it\u2019s overengineering it. For these kinds of tests, TDD is better. BDD really shines to end-to-end and UI tests.<\/span><\/p>\n
The only downside of using pytest-bdd, in my point of view, is that we need to explicitly import all scenarios in the step definition files. It would be great if they were automatically found or if pytest ran the feature files itself, but pytest brings so much to the table that it doesn’t matter.<\/span><\/p>\n
I hope you have enjoyed this tutorial. Feel free to ping me if you have any questions. And if you want to learn more about BDD, here are some interesting links:<\/span><\/p>\n
https:\/\/selenium-python.readthedocs.io\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n
https:\/\/cucumber.io\/school\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n
https:\/\/github.com\/pytest-dev\/pytest-bdd<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n
https:\/\/automationpanda.com\/bdd\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n
https:\/\/testautomationu.applitools.com\/behavior-driven-python-with-pytest-bdd\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n
Happy BDD, bye<\/span><\/p>\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
In this tutorial, I am going to show you how to start using BDD and will use a Pok\u00e9mon Pok\u00e9dex search feature as an example. BDD means Behavior-driven Development and it’s a refinement of existing TDD processes. It considers the feature behavior ahead of the development and the test processes. A system can have many […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":65,"featured_media":6908,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[432],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6906","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-engineering"],"yoast_head":"\nBehavior-driven Development: how to develop tests for a Pok\u00e9dex using BDD<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In this tutorial, I am going to show you how to start using Behavior-driven Development and will use a Pok\u00e9mon Pok\u00e9dex search feature as an example.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cheesecakelabs.com\/blog\/behavior-driven-development-tests-pokedex-bdd\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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